Thursday 18 November 2010

Jihaadi Nasheed


The onlookers are seeing that the Muslim society in the West experiencing tribulations and pressures from every direction, especially when an individual begins to hold on to his Deen. We know that many allegations will be thrown at the practicing Muslim, as it has been foretold by our Prophet (pbuh). Some allegations thrown at Muslims, makes one laugh while others makes one cry. I recollect one controversial issue that occurred during my university days – which caused me to write this post – where an individual’s life was made very difficult because he reverted to Islam, and because of the sudden changes people saw in his appearance and character.

Many individuals that lives in the West, and then enters in the circle of being a ‘practicing Muslim’ may have noticed certain trends as to how a person is in their early days of ‘practicing Islam’, what interests them, what they go through in the initial stages etc. This individual may go through certain oft-repeated steps and phases initially, before this Muslim matures in his Deen over the years. One of the things I happen to notice, from many individuals, friends and family – the listening of nasheed, especially those individuals who were heavily entrenched in listening to music during their jahiliyyah; whose lives were revolved around music. So the nasheed was an alternative form of entertainment for them, from the lyrics of R‘n’B, Hip-Hop and the likes of them.

The word nasheed in Arabic means raising the voice when reciting verses and making the voice sound beautiful and gentle. The word nasheed is the singular and the plural of it is anaasheed. The true Islamic anaasheed does not contain lamella phone instruments, string instruments, or wind and brass instruments. The only instrument commonly allowed is the duff, which is a small hand drum, similar in size to a tambourine, but lacking bells. Anaasheed are popular throughout the Islamic world. The material and lyrics of anaasheed usually make reference to Islamic beliefs, history, and religion, as well as current events – in general.

It is nothing strange for an individual that had started practicing Islam to listen to anaasheed even if it happens to be ‘jihaadi’ anaasheed. What is strange in the face of a Muslim, perhaps even non-Muslims, when these anaasheed are labeled as “incitement for extremism” and the person who listens to it is labeled as “extremist”– whether these accusations are from government officials or ignorant Muslims, which has been witnessed and experienced.

Firstly, what needs to understood is that Arabic anaasheed is not effortlessly understood by even the lay-Arabs because of the rich and deep usage of Arabic Language in them. Some of the anaasheed are in the form of poetry, which makes it even harder to be understood. Hence, if it is difficult for a lay-Arab to understand such anaasheed, then it is even harder for a person with little Arabic background. I recall some years ago, asking some individuals (non-Arabs) who studied abroad for a year or so to translate a few phrases of a nasheed but it was very difficult upon them. If this is the reality of anaasheed, then how much understanding will a newly practicing person have of such anaasheed who does not have background in the Arabic language – which are most individuals in the West? The answer is, very little or even nothing. Anaasheed has become like a culture amongst newly practicing Muslims, call it the “nasheed culture” if you like. So if these ‘jihaadi anaasheed’ was sending out so called ‘messages’- it simply will not be understood!


Secondly, even if it was understood, by listening to it – is it logical to accuse that person of being extreme? The answer is obviously no. Lets strike an example from the music industry to illustrate this point which these people fail to perceive: ‘Gangster Rap’ music often includes many foul lyrics about raping, killing, shootings, revenge attacks on other gangs, fornication etc. Now if an individual listens to such jargon, can this person be accused of rape, murder and etc without any evidence simply because this individual listens to it? Obviously not – the same is applied for the individual who listens to anaasheed.


Finally, the listeners find anaasheed as a source of relaxation and entertament to pass time, and an alternative to all the haraam music that promotes evil and the following of lusts and desires. So such allegations are obviously false.


As Muslims, listening to anaasheed which are halaal, should not be a justification or a mean for us to be far from listening to the Qur’an – and this is very rampant these days. Being a Muslim, our focus and priority should be the listening to the Qur’an and benefitting from the many benefits within it. Anaasheed which are free from music, are permissible. Many of the anaasheed we find these days are musical, occupying many people and distancing us from the Qur’an. The Muslim should protect himself in falling into such pit-holes. There are some points Shaikh Munajjid mentioned regarding listening to anaasheed, which are as follows:

Not using forbidden musical instruments in nasheed.

Not doing it too much or making it the focus of the Muslim’s mind, occupying all his time, or neglecting obligatory duties because of it.

Nasheed should not be recited by women, or include haraam or obscene speech.

They should not resemble the tunes of the people of immorality and promiscuity.

They should be free of vocal effects that produce sounds like those of musical instruments.

They should not have moving tunes which make the listener feel “high” as happens to those who listen to songs. This is the case with many of the nasheed which appear nowadays, so that the listeners no longer pay any attention to the good meaning of the words, because they are so entranced by the tunes.


Just wanted to write these brief words, as some accusation such as the one mentioned are so bizarre, yet – many Muslims have accepted this idea and may even feel as if they are doing something extreme if they happen to be listening to such material.


Abu Siyaam [written from Taiz]


Friday 5 March 2010

Mukhtasar al-Khiraqi: The First Matn’ of the Hanbali Madhab


This post will be a concise book review regarding the first matn’ [text] in the Madhab of Imam Ahmad. I had a drive to write about this particular book because my search to find a copy of this matn’ has finally come to an end after five years!!! That’s right, I have finally managed to purchase a copy of this rare book! Al-Hamdulilah! It is very interesting to note, the publishers of this book is called: “Daar An-Nawaadir”. The word “nawaadir” is from the verb nadhar’ yanduru’ which means, “to be rare” and “to be uncommon”, – and the word “nawaadir” is the plural of “naadira” which means, “rarity” or “rare thing” – so publishers were certainly accurate about their claim, as this book took me almost five years to locate and purchase!

The Author:

He was Abul Qasim Umar ibn Ali al-Husayn bin Abdullah bin Ahmad al-Khiraqi [d.299 AH] He was a prominent Hanbali jurist from Bagdad. He was first guided to Hanbali School by his father and Al-Khiraqi knew the two son of Ahmad ibn Hanbal: Abdullah and Saalih. Al-Khiraqi’s father was very closely associated with companions of Ahmad, and he mostly associated himself with the very close companion of Ahmad: Abu Bakr al-Marwadhi [d.275 AH]. Al-Khiraqi studied under Abu Bakr al-Marwadhi, Harb al-Kirmani and two sons of Ahmad: Abdullah and Saalih. He was also a pupil of Abu Bark al-Khallah (d.311 AH).

The Book:

The Mukhtasar is a comprehensive treatise covering the whole range of legal issues. The treatise at hand is known as Mukhtasar al-Khiraqi as well as Al-Mukhtasar fee al-Fiqh. As mentioned before, it is first book that was written for the Madhab of Ahmad. It is book in fiqh [Islamic jurisprudence]. Al-Khiraqi is the one who summarised the responsa of Imam Ahmad into a book form.

As per normal, as it is a fiqh book it has been written in masaa’il format, with hardly any quotation from the Qur’an and the Sunnah. This shows us that this method of teaching fiqh through masaa’il has existed for a very long time, and it is not something new. It also shows us that a student in his initial stage in seeking knowledge should not study fiqh via hadith primarily. Secondly, a beginner should cease from requesting for evidences at every single issue and should have a certain degree of trust upon his teacher/sheikh. The student should gradually build himself in this way and understand the masaa’il through evidences from the Qur’an and Sunnah. Studying fiqh through hadith come at later stage.

The book itself has been divided into sub-books [kitaab] and then the sub-books have been divided into sub-chapters [baab], containing the different issues. I can’t confirm if the author actually divided the book in this way, but what is apparent from the pictures of the manuscripts – it seems so. The book contains two thousand and three hundred masaa’il according to Abu Ishaaq.

All the books in fiqh, such as al-mutoon, as-shrooh, al-hawaashe, al-mukhtasaaraat from the Madhab until now is one way or another way related to this book! Subhan-Allah!

Ibn al-Bannaah said in the introduction of his explanation of Mukhtasar al-Khiraqi:

“Some of our sheikhs used to say: ‘There are three mukhtasaaraat in three subjects that I have not come across the likes of: al-Faseh’ by Thalab, al-Lumah’ by Ibn Jinney and al-Mukhtasar by al-Khiraqi, no one who engages himself with these [books] and understands them as they should be understood, will succeed and surpass.”’

Al-Haafid Al-Deyaah’ said:

“I saw Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal in a dream. He dictated to me an issue in fiqh. So I said: ‘This is in Al-Khiraqi.’ And then he (Imam Ahmad) said: ‘Your companion, al-Muwaffaq did not fall short in his explanation of Al-Khiraqi.”’

From these narrations we understand the position and the status of this book in the Madhab of Ahmad.

The Commentaries:

This matn’ has had many commentaries attached to it, in fact it is the most commented upon matn’ in the Madhab of Ahmad. According to Yusuf ibn Abdil-Hadi [d.909 AH], there were three hundred commentaries of Al-Khiraqi available during his time. Sheikh Bakr Abu Zayd [d.1429 AH] listed twenty eight commentaries of Al-Khiraqi in his Madkhal. As we can see that this book has been heavily commented upon, Insha-Allah as a sign of its acceptance.

The first commentary of the book was by the author himself, Al-Khiraqi. So, he was the first person to author a book in fiqh for the Madhab and the first person to comment upon it also! This unfortunately has not reached us. I have only come across only three commentaries, which are available in print:

The First: Al-Mughni by Ibn Qudamah [d.620 AD]. Without any doubt, the greatest of the commentaries is Al-Mughni; it has been praised by Hanbali and non-Hanbali scholars alike. The Shafi`i mujtahid Imam Al-Izz bin `Abdus-Salam held back from giving verdicts until obtaining a copy of Al-Mughni. Al-Mughni builds on the previous works of Ibn Qadamah [i.e. Al-Umdah’, Al-Muqni and al-Kaafi’] by adding opinions from the other Madhabs from the Companions and early Imams whether it is still followed or extinct. Also, he brings in the opinions within the Mathab with a particular emphasis on what is transmitted from the Imam (Ahmad). The evidence for all of these various positions are included, and then a defence of the predominant position in Ibn Qudamah’s opinion. The book is also full of minute branch issues.

The Second: Al-Wadih by Abdur-Rahman ibn Umar ibn Abul-Qasim al-Basri [d.684 AH]. This is available in three volumes, and it has been completed.

The Third: Sharh’ al-Zarkashi ala al-Khiraqi by Muhammad ibn Abdullah al-Zarkashi al-Misri [d.772 AH]. This is available in five volumes. The author actually authored two commentaries upon the book; the first being a detailed commentary and the second being an abridged version. He was not able to complete the abridged version, but this was completed by a later scholar from the Hanbali School.

Al-Hamdulilah! With this we have completed the brief book review of Mukhtasar al-Khiraqi. Until the next post: As-Salamu’aliykum wa-Rahmatullah wa-barkaatuh.

Abu Siyaam